Moths of North Carolina

Scientific Name:	Common Name:		Family (Alpha):

View PDF	Elachistidae Members:	Elachista Members:	3 NC Records
Elachista madarella (Clemens, 1860) - No Common Name

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Taxonomy

Superfamily: Gelechioidea	Family: Elachistidae	Subfamily: Elachistinae	Tribe: Elachistini	P3 Number: 421496.00	MONA Number: 1121.00
Comments: Elachista is a large genus of small moths that occur worldwide. Around 135 Nearctic species are currently recognized. They specialize on monocots and most feed on either grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).
Species Status: This species was placed by Braun (1948) in Section III, characterized by their venation and metallic golden or silvery wing markings. Pohl et al. (2018), however, list it as not belonging to a group.

Identification

Field Guide Descriptions:	Online Photographs: MPG, BugGuide, GBIF, BOLD	Technical Description, Adults: Braun (1948, p. 84)	Technical Description, Immature Stages: Braun (1948, p. 84)
Adult Markings: This is a minute blackish moth with white-tipped antennae, two silvery bands on its forewings, a pair of subterminal spots, and a centrally placed terminal spot. The following detailed description is based on the description by Braun (1948). The head is dark silvery gray, the lower part of the face paler, and the posterior margin of the head dark shining brown. The palp is nearly straight, dark gray, paler above, and concolorous with the face. The antenna is dark brown, with the apical fifth yellowish white. The thorax is dark brown in the anterior half, and dark bluish metallic in the posterior half. The forewing is dark brown with faint golden reflections. The base of the wing is silvery gray, with bluish reflections on the costa, and golden reflections toward the dorsum. Before the middle there is a slightly oblique metallic band that is silvery or pale golden. It often extends along the wing below the fold. Sometimes this extension is represented by a small detached silvery or golden dot. At two-thirds the wing length, there is a silvery or pale golden costal spot with a similar opposing spot on the dorsal margin. Beyond these there is a silvery spot in the middle of the wing near the apex. The cilia are grayish brown and paler around the apex. The apical row of scales is black-tipped and forms a sharply contrasting line. The hindwing is grayish brown and the cilia somewhat darker, especially in the female. The wing is broader in the male. The legs are dark silvery gray to blackish. The hind tibia is mostly silvery in the male and brown, except at apex, in the female. The abdomen is dark brown with some metallic luster above, and yellowish white beneath. Elachista madarella is similar to E. enitescens and E. argentosa. The latter two lack the white antenna tip and have not been found south of Ohio. Both are rare and only known from extreme southern Ohio and perhaps Maine.
Wingspan: 8-9 mm (Braun, 1948)
Adult Structural Features: Male and female reproductive structures are distinctive and are described and illustrated by Braun (1948).
Adult ID Requirements: Identifiable from photos showing hindwings, abdomen, or other specialized views [e.g., frons, palps, antennae, undersides].
Immatures and Development: Braun (1921, 1948) studied populations in Ohio where the larvae mine the leaves of Carex and Scirpus species. Larvae that mine in the autumn overwinter in the leaves and resume mining in the spring. The larva mines down the old overwintering leaf and then enters the leaf sheath of one of the new inner basal leaves. It then works upward toward the tip of the leaf. It feeds only at night and moves back into the leaf sheath near the root-stalk during the day. A single larva may mine more than one leaf. The larva is whitish or pale green, and the prothoracic shield has a pair of conspicuous L-shaped dark marks. Pupation often takes place on the upper side of a leaf over the midrib. The cocoon is a flat sheet of silk formed of two series of obliquely placed parallel threads crossing one another at an acute angle. Braun (1948) has details concerning the pupal morphology.
Larvae ID Requirements: Identifiable only through rearing to adulthood.

Distribution in North Carolina


Distribution: Elachista madarella in found in eastern North America where scattered populations have been found in Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois and Missouri. The first North Carolina record was obtained in 2015 in Watauga County. Our only record comes from a high elevation bog in the northern mountains.
County Map: Clicking on a county returns the records for the species in that county.


Flight Dates: High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft. Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft. Piedmont (Pd) Coastal Plain (CP) Click on graph to enlarge
Immature Dates: High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft. Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft. Piedmont (Pd) Coastal Plain (CP) Click on graph to enlarge
Flight Comments: The flight season is poorly documented due to the paucity of adult records, and many are based on rearing records. Most are from late May through mid-July, with a seasonal peak in June. Our one record as of 2020 is from mid-June.

Habitats and Life History

Habitats: This species uses hosts that are found in freshwater wetlands such as marshes, fens, bogs, and the edges of beaver ponds. Our one record as of 2020 comes from a high elevation bog.

Larval Host Plants: Braun (1921) found mines and reared adults from Dark-green Bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), and from several species of sedges (Carex). The most common hosts were Pubescent Sedge (C. hirtifolia) and Crested Sedge (C. cristatella). - View

Observation Methods: The adults are attracted to lights, but many records are from reared adults. We encourage naturalists to search for the mines to better document host and habitat use in North Carolina.

Wikipedia

Status in North Carolina

Natural Heritage Program Status:

Natural Heritage Program Ranks: GNR [SU]

State Protection: Has no legal protection, although permits are required to collect it on state parks and other public lands.

Comments: This species is reported to be common at lights in deciduous forests in Illinois (Harrison, 2017). However, it may be associated with high elevation bogs in North Carolina and as such could be a Pleistocene relict. Much more information needs to be obtained on the distribution, abundance, and habitat associations of this species in North Carolina before its conservation status can be evaluated.

Photo Gallery for Elachista madarella - No common name		Photos: 5
	Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2023-05-05 Madison Co. Comment: An adult that was reared from a Carex sp. (see companion photos of the mine and larvae from March 23, 2023).	Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2023-05-05 Madison Co. Comment: An adult that was reared from a Carex sp. (see companion photos of the mine and larvae from March 23, 2023).
	Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2023-03-23 Madison Co. Comment: Larva was mining a Carex sp.; adult reared and emerged on May 5, 2023 (see companion photos for May 5, 2023).	Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2023-03-23 Madison Co. Comment: Larva was mining a Carex sp.; adult reared and emerged on May 5, 2023 (see companion photos for May 5, 2023).
	Recorded by: Kyle Kittelberger, Paul Scharf, Brian Bockhahn on 2015-06-18 Watauga Co. Comment:

Elachista madarella (Clemens, 1860) - No Common Name

Photo Gallery for Elachista madarella - No common name

Photos: 5