Moths of North Carolina
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View PDFSphingidae Members: Sphinx Members: 45 NC Records

Sphinx kalmiae J.E. Smith, 1797 - Laurel Sphinx


Sphinx kalmiaeSphinx kalmiaeSphinx kalmiaeSphinx kalmiae
Taxonomy
Superfamily:
Bombycoidea
Family:
Sphingidae
Subfamily:
Sphinginae
Tribe:
Sphingini
P3 Number:
890118
MONA Number:
7809.00
Other Common Name:
Fawn Sphinx
Comments: This large genus of some 27 species ranges from England to Japan and down through the Americas. There are approximately 14 resident species in North America and at least 5 in North Carolina. Two very different larval types occur in the genus and it is likely that Sphinx is composed of more than one genus.
Species Status: Barcodes indicate that Sphinx kalmiae is a single, well-defined species in our area.
Identification
Field Guide Descriptions: Covell (1984); Beadle and Leckie (2012)Online Resources: MPG, BugGuide, iNaturalist, Google, BAMONA, GBIF, BOLDTechnical Description, Adults: Forbes (1948); Hodges (1971); Tuttle (2007)Technical Description, Immature Stages: Forbes (1948); Wagner (2005); Tuttle (2007)                                                                                 
Adult Markings: This beautiful yellow-brown sphinx is easy to identify and one of our more common species in this genus. This looks like a smaller version of S. frankii but the abdominal spots are white and the moth is more tailored in appearance. Similar to Xylophanes tersa in size and wing color but has a darker brown marks on the thorax and abdomen. Other brown-colored sphingids are duller brown or have a heavier pattern of streaks. Sexes are similar.
Wingspan: 7.5 - 10.3 cm (Covell, 1984)
Adult ID Requirements: Identifiable from good quality photos of unworn specimens.
Immatures and Development: Larvae have the usual pattern of seven oblique lateral stripes on a green background, but are distinctive in their yellowish lateral stripes, edged with black; strong stripes on the sides of the head; and blue caudal horn covered with black spines (Wagner, 2005). Pupation occurs underground.
Larvae ID Requirements: Identifiable from good quality photos, especially where associated with known host plants.
Distribution in North Carolina
Distribution: Relatively common in the Mountains but rare in the Coastal Plain; we have only a couple of recent records from the Piedmont.
County Map: Clicking on a county returns the records for the species in that county.
Sphinx kalmiaeAlamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New%20Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey
Flight Dates:
 High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
 Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
 Piedmont (Pd)
 Coastal Plain (CP)

Click on graph to enlarge
Image showing flight dates by month for High Mountains greater than 4,000 feet, Low Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain: adults.
Immature Dates:
 High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
 Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
 Piedmont (Pd)
 Coastal Plain (CP)

Click on graph to enlarge
Image showing flight dates by month for High Mountains greater than 4,000 feet, Low Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain: immatures.
Flight Comments: Seems to have an early summer flight in the mountains but coastal plain records are later in the season, perhaps indicating two broods there.
Habitats and Life History
Habitats: Records from the Coastal Plain come from a rich, brownwater floodplain along the Roanoke River but also from a blackwater area at the Great Dismal Swamp State Park; several species of Ash are common at the first but the second site probably contains only the swamp species of Ash, i.e., Carolina and Pumpkin Ash, along with privet. Records in the Mountains come from riparan habitats, rich cove forests and other sites with rich soils (e.g., Mount Jefferson State Park). Habitats at some of the mountain sites are unknown, however, as are the habitats where kalmiae was historically collected in the Piedmont.
Larval Host Plants: Larvae are stenophagous. Originally thought to be associated with laurel (Kalmia) - hence the misleading scientific and common names. However, this was discounted by Forbes (1948); instead it appears to feed on various members of the Oleaceae, including ash (Fraxinus), Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), lilac (Syringa), and privet (Ligustrum) (Forbes, 1948; Wagner, 2005). In North Carolina, all of our feeding records are from ash. - View
Observation Methods: Adults visit flowers at night and also are attracted to lights. Most of our records come from 15 watt UV blacklights, but only as single individuals; use of mercury-vapor or other high intensity UV lights is likely to be more effective, as it is for other members of this genus. Searching for larvae on small ash saplings may be profitable.
Wikipedia
See also Habitat Account for General Ash Forests
Status in North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program Status:
Natural Heritage Program Ranks: G5 SNR [S2S3]
State Protection: Not currently listed by the Natural Heritage Program but probably should be considered for addition to the Watch List, based mainly on degree of threat due to the Emerald Ash Borer.
Comments: This handsome species is always a treat to see. As with many Sphinx species, records are few and one can question whether or not we know how to locate the species outside the mountains. This species, along with other Ash-feeding Sphingids, is threatened to some extent by the spread of the Emerald Ash Borer (Wagner, 2007). However, its use of alternative host plants, including the highly invasive privets, may allow it to survive, although we have seen no increase in numbers of this species where privet has become one of the dominant plants of bottomland forests.

 Photo Gallery for Sphinx kalmiae - Laurel Sphinx

37 photos are available. Only the most recent 30 are shown.
Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: R.Teper on 2025-05-29
Orange Co.
Comment:
Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: David George, Jeff Niznik on 2024-09-05
Orange Co.
Comment: feeding on ash
Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: David George, Jeff Niznik on 2024-07-06
Orange Co.
Comment: Feeding on ash
Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Drew Willis on 2024-05-19
Cabarrus Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: S. Banta, K. Bischof on 2023-09-28
Transylvania Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Dean Furbish on 2023-08-12
Wake Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Darryl Willis on 2023-07-30
Cabarrus Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: tom ward on 2022-08-24
Buncombe Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: tom ward on 2022-08-24
Buncombe Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Richard Teper on 2022-06-24
Avery Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Dean Furbish on 2022-04-25
Wake Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Dean Furbish on 2022-04-25
Wake Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Alicia Ballard on 2021-09-02
Alamance Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Jeff Niznik on 2021-08-28
Orange Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Dean Furbish on 2021-07-14
Wake Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Dean Furbish on 2021-07-14
Wake Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Jim Petranka on 2021-06-16
Madison Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Jim Petranka on 2021-06-16
Madison Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Jim Petranka on 2021-06-13
Madison Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Vin Stanton on 2019-06-08
Buncombe Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: K. Bischof on 2018-08-19
Burke Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: j.wyche on 2017-06-15
Gates Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Lori Owenby on 2016-06-29
Yancey Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Lori Owenby on 2016-06-29
Yancey Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: K. Bischof on 2016-06-28
Yancey Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Parker Backstrom on 2015-09-08
Chatham Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: B. Bockhahn, P. Scharf, K. Kittelberger on 2015-06-18
Avery Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Steve Hall and Ed Corey on 2015-05-16
Alleghany Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: Darryl Willis on 2014-05-23
Cabarrus Co.
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Sphinx kalmiaeRecorded by: A. Lasley, J. Costner on 2013-10-21
Burke Co.
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