Moths of North Carolina
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View PDFGeometridae Members: Hypagyrtis Members: 566 NC Records

Hypagyrtis esther (Barnes, 1928) - Esther Moth

Hypagyrtis estherHypagyrtis estherHypagyrtis esther
view caption 		Hypagyrtis esther
Taxonomy
Superfamily:
Geometroidea		 Family:
Geometridae		Subfamily:
Ennominae		Tribe:
Bistonini		P3 Number:
91a1073		 MONA Number:
6655.00
Comments: This New World genus contains 7 species, 1 neotropical and 6 from North America, three of which occur in North Carolina (piniata may also be possibly present in the mountains -- Wagner et al., 2001). This genus shows a large range of variation, however, and its taxonomy still appears to be unsettled. Forbes (1948) stated that "the species or forms of this genus are completely confused and show no satisfactory differences in genitalia -- they may be merely races and strains, but breeding from known foods will be needed to make sure." Much of the variation is contained within Hypagyrtis unipunctata but there are forms believed to belong to that species that are highly similar to those of esther.
Species Status: Numerous specimens have been barcoded because they seem to separate into three distinct species. However, all three occur in Craven County and none seem to be geographically isolated so this may be a case of deep divisions in bar code sequence without significant speciation occurring. Unfortunately, the genitalia of Hypagyrtis are all very similar.
Identification
Field Guide Descriptions: Covell (1984)Online Resources: MPG, BugGuide, iNaturalist, Google, BAMONA, GBIF, BOLDTechnical Description, Adults: Forbes (1948)Technical Description, Immature Stages: Wagner (2005; but possibly refers more directly to H. piniata)                                                                                 
Adult Markings: We follow the description given in Forbes (1948) that Hypagyrtis esther is distinguished by its even dark violet-brown ground color out to the subterminal line, followed by a rusty brown shade in the subterminal area. The antemedian and postmedian are both dark with the postmedian waved and most distinct; the postmedian is concave in its lower portion and meets the inner margin at a right angle. The subterminal pale spot typical of the genus is typically single and oval. Although not explicitly stated by Forbes, there is no indication of sexual dimorphism with respect to coloration and markings. Males are smaller and have proportionately shorter wings and are easily recognized by their pectinate antennae; the margins of the females are more scalloped.

Hypagyrtis brendae is similarly dark but grayer, and has a similar rusty subterminal shading, but has a more conspicuous if diffuse median line. In brendae, the postmedian converges with the median towards the inner margin, with both lines following a straighter, more oblique course than the postmedian in esther (Heitzman, 1974). Covell (1984) states that there are melanic forms of unipunctata, which may resemble esther, but we have not seen any description of forms of esther that are buff, yellow-brown, or pale luteous colored as described by Forbes (1948) for the various forms now lumped as unipunctata, or the pepper-and-salt colored forms that he described for H. piniata and one form of unipunctata. Unfortunately, this genus does not appear to show any genitalic characters that can be used to distinguish the species (Forbes, 1948). Barcoding and other DNA analysis will probably be needed to resolve these issues. Until then, we recognize esther solely based on its dark, violet-brown median and basal areas and exclude buff or other more lightly colored or mottled forms.
Adult Structural Features: There do not seem to be distinct characters in the male; in the female the shape of the signum may be diagnostic but additional samples are needed.
Genitalia and other structural photos
Adult ID Requirements: Identifiable from good quality photos of unworn specimens.
Immatures and Development: Larvae are probably highly variable, with a brown ground color variously marked with shades of green, yellow, tan, white, and black (Wagner, 2005); however, the description given in Wagner may apply more to H. piniata, which he distinguished from esther primarily on the basis of range.
Distribution in North Carolina
Distribution: Due to possible confusion with either an undescribed sibling of esther or with a form of piniata, the true distribtution of esther is unclear in North Carolina. Forbes (1948) indicated that he only knew of specimens of H. esther from the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Wagner's (2005) account is also based on the assumption that esther is more likely to occur in the Coastal Plain and barrens communities and piniata more likely in the Mountains. Barcoding and additional host plant analysis is needed to clarify the situation.
County Map: Clicking on a county returns the records for the species in that county.
Hypagyrtis estherAlamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey
Flight Dates:
High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
Piedmont (Pd)
Coastal Plain (CP)

Click on graph to enlarge 		Image showing flight dates by month for High Mountains greater than 4,000 feet, Low Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain: adults.