Moths of North Carolina
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View PDFGracillariidae Members:
Marmara Members:
12 NC Records

Marmara fraxinicola Braun, 1922 - No Common Name

Marmara fraxinicola
view caption 		Marmara fraxinicolaMarmara fraxinicola
Taxonomy
Superfamily:
Gracillarioidea		 Family:
Gracillariidae		Subfamily:
Marmarinae		P3 Number:
33a0391		 MONA Number:
709.00
Comments: The genus Marmara contains 19 described species from North America and numerous undescribed species. Most species are monophagous, and the mines have been found on over 80 North American plant genera that belong to 40 families (Eiseman et al., 2017). Given the small number of described species relative to the large number of hosts, there appear to be dozens of undescribed species in the US. Many of the species are difficult to rear and are only known from leaf or stem mines. North Carolina appears to have numerous undescribed species based on host preferences and mine characteristics. We have included forms that we believe are probably undescribed species (ca. 30) and have listed these by their host plants. We encourage individual to submit any leaf or stem mines that they find based on the plant hosts in order to better document the distribution and relative abundance of these forms in North Carolina.
Species Status: This is one of many ash specialists that are of conservation concern due to the destruction of ash trees by the Emerald Ash Borer.
Identification
Field Guide Descriptions: Online Resources: MPG, BugGuide, iNaturalist, Google, BAMONA, GBIF, BOLDTechnical Description, Adults: Braun, 1922.Technical Description, Immature Stages: Braun, 1922; Fitzgerald and Simeone, 1971; Fitzgerald, 1973; Eiseman, 2019.                                                                                 
Adult Markings: The following is based on the description by Braun (1922). The maxillary palp is white inwardly and black outwardly. The labial palp is white, except for the black outer side of the second segment and a black spot near the tip of the third segment. The antenna is white and the pecten black. The head, thorax and ground color of the forewings are shining white. At the extreme base of the costa there is a small brown spot that is outwardly margined with dark brown scales. Immediately following it, and connected with it by minute brown dusting, is a large brown blotch that extends to near the mid-point of the wing. Near the middle of wing there is a posteriorly angulated fascia that is broad and brown. Following this at two-thirds, there is an oblique brown fascia that begins at the costa and forks about midway. The inner fork continues to the dorsum, while the outer fork curves to the dorsum at the tornus. Between the forked fascia and the apex there is an oblique and slightly curved brown fascia that extends to the fringe. There is a minute brown apical spot, and two oblique brown lines that run into the white cilia on either side of the apex. The cilia has a brown line that runs through the base. The hindwing and cilia are dark brown. The front and middle legs are white, with the femora brown. The lower portions have banding or spotting on the tarsi. The hind leg has oblique brown streaks.
Wingspan: 8.5 mm (Braun, 1922).
Immatures and Development: The larvae mine the stems and branches of ash trees. Larvae begin mining in the new growth in the spring or summer and continue through the year. They then overwinter and finish mining with the spring warm-up. Pupation takes place shortly thereafter in an elevated bark flap at the end of the mine (Braun, 1922; Fitzgerald and Simeone, 1971; Fitzgerald, 1973). The eggs are laid on stems or branches that are 0.6–20 cm in diameter. The mine runs along the length of the stem, with liquid frass deposited in a continuous, dark, central line along the floor of the mine. Completed mines are 55–95 cm long, about 0.7 mm wide at the origin and up to 7.5 mm wide at the end (Eiseman, 2019).
Larvae ID Requirements: Identifiable from good quality photos, especially where associated with known host plants.
Distribution in North Carolina
Distribution: Marmara fraxinicola is found in eastern North America, but the range is poorly defined because of the scarcity of records. Adults or mines have been found in Ontario, Minnesota, Ohio, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Texas. As of 2024, most of our records are from the Piedmont, with one from a lower-elevation site in the Blue Ridge.
County Map: Clicking on a county returns the records for the species in that county.
Marmara fraxinicola
Flight Dates:
 High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
 Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
 Piedmont (Pd)
 Coastal Plain (CP)

Click on graph to enlarge
Immature Dates:
 High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
 Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
 Piedmont (Pd)
 Coastal Plain (CP)

Click on graph to enlarge
Flight Comments: Local populations are univoltine and the adults are active following the spring warm-up, typically between May through July.
Habitats and Life History
Habitats: Local populations are dependent on ash trees for successful reproduction. These are found in a variety of hardwood and mixed-hardwood forests that occur in floodplains and bottomlands, as well as on more mesic to drier slopes.
Larval Host Plants: The only known hosts are White Ash (Fraxinus americana) and Green Ash (F. pennsylvanica), but other ashes may be used (Braun, 1922; Fitzgerald and Simeone, 1971; Fitzgerald, 1973; Eiseman, 2019). - View
Observation Methods: The adults appear to rarely visit lights and many records are based on the stem mines. We encourage naturalists to search for stem mines on ashes to document local populations that occur within the state.
Wikipedia
See also Habitat Account for General Ash Forests
Status in North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program Status: [W3]
Natural Heritage Program Ranks: GNR [S1S3]
State Protection:
Comments: As of 2023, this species is only known in North Carolina from a few sites in Durham and Mecklenburg County, but probably still occurs in other regions of the state. Marmara fraxinicola has a High Endangerment Risk due to the widespread destruction of ashes by the Emerald Ash Borer (Wagner and Todd, 2016). The threat status alone merits a high conservation concern both within the state and globally.

 Photo Gallery for Marmara fraxinicola - None

Photos: 10

Recorded by: Tracy Feldman on 2024-06-21
Chatham Co.
Comment: 		Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2024-05-23
Madison Co.
Comment: Mine was on bark of a young sapling of American Ash.
Recorded by: David George on 2023-10-16
Durham Co.
Comment: 		Recorded by: Dean Furbish on 2023-05-22
Wake Co.
Comment: Mine on Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica).
Recorded by: David George, Tracy Feldman on 2023-05-16
Orange Co.
Comment: unoccupied stem mine on Green Ash.		Recorded by: David George, Tracy Feldman on 2023-05-16
Orange Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Ken Kneidel on 2023-01-21
Mecklenburg Co.
Comment: On Green Ash (unoccupied).		Recorded by: Ken Kneidel on 2023-01-21
Mecklenburg Co.
Comment: On Green Ash (unoccupied).
Recorded by: Tracy Feldman on 2022-05-18
Washington Co.
Comment: Unoccupied mine was on Fraxinus profunda.		Recorded by: Tracy Feldman on 2022-05-18
Washington Co.
Comment: Bark flap of an unoccupied mine on Fraxinus profunda.