Moths of North Carolina
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Scientific Name:
Common Name:
Family (Alpha):
ACROLEPIIDAE-
ADELIDAE-Fairy moths
AMPHISBATIDAE-
AUTOSTICHIDAE-
BATRACHEDRIDAE-Batrachedrid Moths
BEDELLIIDAE-Bedelliid Moths
BLASTOBASIDAE-
BOMBYCIDAE-
BUCCULATRICIDAE-
CARPOSINIDAE-
CHOREUTIDAE-Metalmark Moths
COLEOPHORIDAE-Casebearer Moths and Relatives
COSMOPTERIGIDAE-Cosmopterigid Moths
COSSIDAE-Carpenter Moths, Goat Moths
CRAMBIDAE-Grass Moths, Snout Moths
DEPRESSARIIDAE-
DREPANIDAE-Hook-tips and Thyatirid Moths
ELACHISTIDAE-Grassminer Moths and Relatives
EPERMENIIDAE-
EPIPYROPIDAE-
EREBIDAE-Erebid Moths
ERIOCRANIIDAE-
EUTELIIDAE-
GALACTICIDAE-
GELECHIIDAE-Gelechiid Moths; Twirler Moths
GEOMETRIDAE-Geometer Moths, Loopers
GLYPHIDOCERIDAE-
GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE-Sedge Moths
GRACILLARIIDAE-Leafblotch miner moths
HELIOZELIDAE-Shield bearer moths
HEPIALIDAE-Ghost or Swift Moths
HYBLAEIDAE-
INCURVARIIDAE-
LASIOCAMPIDAE-Tent Caterpillar Moths, Lappet Moths
LECITHOCERIDAE-Long-horned Moths
LIMACODIDAE-Slug Caterpillar Moths
LYONETIIDAE-Lyonetiid Moths
MEGALOPYGIDAE-Flannel Moths
MICROPTERIGIDAE-Mandibulate Moths
MIMALLONIDAE-
MOMPHIDAE-Mompha Moths
NEPTICULIDAE-Minute leaf miners
NOCTUIDAE-Owlet Moths
NOLIDAE-
NOTODONTIDAE-Prominents
OECOPHORIDAE-Oecophorid Moths
OPOSTEGIDAE-
PELEOPODIDAE-
PLUTELLIDAE-Diamondback Moths
PRODOXIDAE-Yucca Moths
PSYCHIDAE-Bagworm Moths
PTEROPHORIDAE-Plume Moths
PYRALIDAE-Pyralid Moths, Snout Moths
SATURNIIDAE-Giant Silkworm Moths
SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE-Schreckensteiniid Moths
SESIIDAE-Clearwing Moths
SPHINGIDAE-Sphinx Moths
THYATIRIDAE-
THYRIDIDAE-Window-winged Moths
TINEIDAE-Clothes moths
TISCHERIIDAE-Tischerid Moths
TORTRICIDAE-Leafroller Moths
URANIIDAE-
URODIDAE-Urodid Moths
XYLORYCTIDAE-
YPONOMEUTIDAE-Ermine Moths
YPSOLOPHIDAE-Ypsolophid Moths
ZYGAENIDAE-
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Bucculatricidae Members:
Bucculatrix ainsliella
Bucculatrix angustata
Bucculatrix canadensisella
Bucculatrix coronatella
Bucculatrix cuneigera
Bucculatrix eupatoriella
Bucculatrix inusitata
Bucculatrix ivella
Bucculatrix locuples
Bucculatrix luteella
Bucculatrix montana
Bucculatrix new species 1
Bucculatrix ochrisuffusa
Bucculatrix packardella
Bucculatrix polymniae
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
Bucculatrix quinquenotella
Bucculatrix recognita
Bucculatrix sexnotata
Bucculatrix solidaginiella
Bucculatrix speciosa
Bucculatrix staintonella
Bucculatrix unidentified species
Bucculatrix
Members:
Bucculatrix ainsliella
Bucculatrix angustata
Bucculatrix canadensisella
Bucculatrix coronatella
Bucculatrix cuneigera
Bucculatrix eupatoriella
Bucculatrix inusitata
Bucculatrix ivella
Bucculatrix locuples
Bucculatrix luteella
Bucculatrix montana
Bucculatrix new species 1
Bucculatrix ochrisuffusa
Bucculatrix packardella
Bucculatrix polymniae
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
Bucculatrix quinquenotella
Bucculatrix recognita
Bucculatrix sexnotata
Bucculatrix solidaginiella
Bucculatrix speciosa
Bucculatrix staintonella
Bucculatrix unidentified species
39 NC Records
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
Clemens, 1860 - Apple Skeletonizer Moth
view caption
An overwintering cocoon on a twig of a commercial apple; note the whitish color and raised ribs along its length.
view caption
The hatchlings often initially mine along the midrib, then angle away towards the inner leaf. Note the small patches of skeletonized tissue near the leaf margin.
view caption
A backlit Black Cherry leaf with several mines; note the frass pattern.
Taxonomy
Superfamily:
Gracillarioidea
Family:
Bucculatricidae
Subfamily:
[Bucculatriginae]
Tribe:
[Bucculatrigini]
P3 Number:
33a0097
MONA Number:
577.00
Comments:
Bucculatrix
is a large genus of small leaf-mining moths, with around 300 species worldwide. A total of 103 Nearctic species have been described, and many others will likely be described in the future. Braun (1963) covered 99 species in her monograph, and four additional Nearctic species have been described since then.
Identification
Field Guide Descriptions:
Online Resources:
MPG
,
BugGuide
,
iNaturalist
,
Google
,
BAMONA
,
GBIF
,
BOLD
Technical Description, Adults:
Braun (1963, p. 175)
Technical Description, Immature Stages:
Braun (1963)
Adult Markings:
This is a minute brownish white moth with a dark oval patch on the dorsal surface of the forewings when held at rest. The ground color of the forewing, the head, and thorax is white and dusted with brown scales. The anterior half of the wing is usually noticeably lighter than the posterior half. The following detailed description is based on that of Braun (1963). The face is creamy white and minutely speckled with brown. The tuft varies from white, with a few brown hairs centrally, to predominantly brown. The eye-cap is creamy white, with minute brown-speckling. The basal two-thirds of the antennal stalk is evenly and regularly annulated with alternating white and brown rings. In the apical third, there are two dark brown sections with white rings between them (one long; the second relatively short) that are separated from the evenly annulated basal two-thirds and apex. The thorax is white with either minute faint brown speckling, or dense brown dusting. The ground color of the forewing is creamy white, and more or less obscured by the slight to dense dark dusting of brown-tipped scales. The basal half of the wing is paler than the outer half, and sometimes noticeably contrasts with it. A line of dark scales is located along the costa that angles across the wing near the middle of the costa to join a dark apical patch near the anal angle. This streak sometimes fades out before reaching the termen. Other areas of dark scales are often evident along the costa at one-third (often forming a short oblique wedge-shaped mark), along the fold, and along the base of the dorsum. On the middle of dorsum there is a conspicuous dark brown oval spot, sometimes encircled by whitish scales, that bears a patch of blackish raised scales near its inner edge. A dark brown apical spot is usually evident that is typically preceded by a pale half ring, which may be obscured by dark dusting. The cilia has a line of dark-tipped scales that extends from the apex to the tornus. The hindwing and cilia are pale to dark grayish ocherous, while the legs are creamy white, with some fuscous shading and fuscous-tipped tarsal segments.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
is similar to
B. ainsliella
, but the basal half of the wings are paler than the outer half (often distinctly contrasting). In addition, the white scales on the anterior and posterior margin of the semi-oval patch are reduced relative to those seen on
B. ainsliella
. Both of these species have a similar pattern of antennal markings that distinguish them from other members of this genus. Dissection may be needed in some cases to distinguish between these species.
Wingspan:
7-7.5 mm (Braun, 1963)
Adult Structural Features:
The male and female genitalia, along with associated scale tufts and patches, are distinctive and are described and illustrated by Braun (1963). The following are her verbatim descriptions. Males: harpes with slight indication of lobes, but the parts fused and strongly sclerotized, the apex dark-pigmented, thus in ventral view concealing the thin membranous socii; vinculum greatly produced anteriorly to an acute rounded point and expanded at base into lateral wings, the outer margins of which are continuous with the tegumen; aedeagus enormous, tapering from the swollen base to acute tip, aperture elongate, cornuti a line of closely placed short spines. Scale sac broad and shallow, scales short. Females: ductus bursae sclerotized through segment 7, expanding before ostium, its ventral margin produced posteriorly to an acute angle; inception of ductus seminalis at anterior end of expanded section; signum longitudinally placed, obsolete dorsally, ribs diverging, a series of short acute spines on swollen bases.
Adult ID Requirements:
Identifiable from photos showing hindwings, abdomen, or other specialized views [e.g., frons, palps, antennae, undersides].
Immatures and Development:
The larvae mine the leaves of apples, cherries, and related species. The egg is deposited on the lower leaf surface next to the midrib. The hatchling initially produces a fine linear mine that follows the midrib or a major lateral vein. It then diverges away from the midrib or vein, where the track often becomes more convoluted. At the end of the third instar, the larva leaves the mine through the upper epidermis and produces a circular molting cocoon that is usually on the upper leaf surface. The last instars are green with reddish shading, and feed with rare exception on the upper side of the leaf where they eat out irregular patches of tissue (Slingerland and Fletcher, 1903; Braun, 1963). The lower epidermis is left intact, which then shows as an iridescent patch. The iridescent patches are characteristic evidence of the presence of
B. pomifoliella
(Braun, 1963).
The pupation cocoon is spun on a twig or other surfaces. It is elongated and has seven or eight well-defined ridges. The color varies with the food plant and can range from whitish on apples, to varies shaded of tan to dark brown on other hosts (Braun,1963). This species can be a minor pest in apple orchards, particularly in the Northeast, where it often reaches high densities in the autumn and causes leaf browning and premature leaf drop (Slingerland and Fletcher, 1903).
Larvae ID Requirements:
Identifiable from good quality photos, especially where associated with known host plants.
Distribution in North Carolina
Distribution:
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
in found in North America, including Washington State, Utah, and southern Canada from British Columbia eastward to Nova Scotia. In the eastern US, the range includes the northeastern states southward through the Appalachian region to Tennessee and North Carolina, along with a possible isolate in Missouri (Braun, 1963; Eiseman, 2019). As of 2022, we have records from all three physiographic provinces.
County Map:
Clicking on a county returns the records for the species in that county.
Flight Dates:
High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
Piedmont (Pd)
Coastal Plain (CP)
Click on graph to enlarge
Immature Dates:
High Mountains (HM) ≥ 4,000 ft.
Low Mountains (LM) < 4,000 ft.
Piedmont (Pd)
Coastal Plain (CP)
Click on graph to enlarge
Flight Comments:
The autumn generation overwinters as pupae in the cocoons, and the adults typically emerge with the spring leaf-out. Most populations appear to be bivoltine, with an early summer brood and fall brood (Slingerland and Fletcher, 1903). As of 2022, our very limited adult records are from late May and June.
Habitats and Life History
Habitats:
The habitats are rather poorly documented in North Carolina, but include an old apple orchard, a high elevation forest, and several sites with second growth or edge habitats. Given the large number of hosts, this species undoubtedly occurs in a wide range of habitats such as mesic forests, fencerows, thickets, early successional habitats and urban environments.
Larval Host Plants:
Larvae are polyphagous and feed on a variety of trees and shrubs in the Rosaceae. The known hosts include species of serviceberry (
Amelanchier
), flowering-quince (
Chaenomeles
), hawthorn (
Crataegus
), quince (
Cydonia
), apple (
Malus
), ninebark (
Physocarpus
), cherry (
Prunus
), and chokeberry (
Aronia
) (Braun, 1963; Eiseman, 2022). Black Cherry is by far the most common host that has been documented in North Carolina, but we also have records for Apple (
Malus domestica
), Red Chokeberry (
Aronia arbutifolia
), Common Ninebark (
Physocarpus opulifolius
), Allegheny Serviceberry (
Amelanchier laevis
), and Quince (
Cydonia oblonga
). -
View
Observation Methods:
The adults occasionally visit lights and the mines are easy to identify on Black Cherry, apples, and other rosaceous species. Searching for mines is the most productive way to document new populations.
Wikipedia
See also Habitat Account for
General Rosaceous Thickets
Status in North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program Status:
Natural Heritage Program Ranks:
GNR S4S5
State Protection:
Has no legal protection, although permits are required to collect it on state parks and other public lands.
Comments:
As of 2024 we have numerous records for this species that are mostly based on leaf mines. The adults of this minute species are easily overlooked, and the species is probably more widespread and common than our records suggest.
Photo Gallery for
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
- Apple Skeletonizer Moth
56 photos are available. Only the most recent 30 are shown.
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-11-22
Wilson Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Dean Furbish on 2024-10-30
Pender Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-10-17
Montgomery Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-10-17
Stanly Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-09-21
Buncombe Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-09-01
Brunswick Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-09-01
Brunswick Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-08-26
Wilson Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger on 2024-08-26
Wilson Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Mark Basinger and Donald Zepp on 2024-08-23
Nash Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Dean Furbish, Lior S. Carlson on 2024-08-12
Pamlico Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Mark Basinger on 2024-08-06
Mitchell Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Mark Basinger on 2024-08-06
Mitchell Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Dean Furbish on 2024-07-20
Wake Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2024-07-15
Madison Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka on 2024-07-15
Madison Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George, Jeff Niznik on 2024-06-10
Chatham Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George on 2023-09-20
Durham Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George on 2023-09-20
Durham Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George, Jeff Niznik on 2023-08-14
Orange Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George, Jeff Niznik on 2023-08-14
Orange Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: David George, Stephen Dunn on 2023-08-12
Caswell Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Dean Furbish on 2022-10-27
Pender Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Dean Furbish on 2022-10-27
Pender Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Becky Elkin on 2022-10-21
Rutherford Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Becky Elkin on 2022-10-21
Rutherford Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Ken Kneidel on 2022-10-09
Robeson Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Ken Kneidel on 2022-10-09
Robeson Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Becky Elkin on 2022-10-04
Transylvania Co.
Comment:
Recorded by: Jim Petranka and Becky Elkin on 2022-10-04
Transylvania Co.
Comment: