Arachnids of North Carolina

sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
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Geolycosa fatifera		Chrome; labium darker; patella I beneath marked with dark color distally. All tibiae dark, almost black, below and above metatarsi I-III the same; metatarsus IV light and metatarsi bearing light pubes...	Most mesic of all Geolycosa. Open dry areas of pine flatwoods with sparse leaf cover and little shade. ...	...		[GNR] SU	...
Geolycosa turricola a burrowing wolf spider		Patellae I and II beneath, and venter black; distal ends of metatarsi I and II, patellae III and IV, and tibia III dusky beneath?other segments, sternum, coxae, etc. Carapace longer than wide (8.5 mm...	...	...			...
Geolycosa pikei a burrowing wolf spider		Male: dorsal stripe as wide as posterior eye quadrangle behind the posterior lateral eyes, narrows to the cervical groove and is indistinct from there posteriorly; carapace covered with gray pubescenc...	Coastal sand dunes, but also away from coast....	...		[GNR] S3S4	...
Barronopsis texana a funnel weaver		Coloration variable, generally dusky gray or tan background with light black mottling, occasionally with reddish or burgundy coloration on abdomen. Carapace coloration also variable, from prominent lo...	near buildings...	...			...
Philodromus marxi Metallic crab spider		Males have unbanded legs, compare with P. placidus....	meadow, forest edge...	...			...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Gladicosa pulchra a wolf spider		Gladicosa pulchra is closest to G. gulosa in size, coloration, and genitalic structure. Gladicosa pulchra is a larger species and is usually darker in color with a more distinct pattern. In most speci...	...	...			...
Tigrosa annexa a wolf spider		This is the smallest species in the genus; the venter of the female is all pale yellow, except for a dark 'V'-shaped marking in center of the sternum and a black spot around the epigynum; venter of ad...	...	...			...
Micaria longipes an antlike ground spider		...	Cultivated fields, grasslands, pastures, prairies, sand, oak leaf litter in oak-pine barrens, white spruce plantations, asparagus, peanuts, cotton, goldenrod, under rocks and in buildings, elevations ...	Pitfall traps...			...
Yunohamella lyrica a cobweb spider	described as Theridion Lyricum (Walckenaer 1841); has also been known as: T. lyra, T. Kentuckyense, Allotheridion lyricum, and Takayus lyricus.	Abdomen has white median band with large black areas adjacent anteriorly; posteriorly, the black are appears as a series of spots....	forest understory, forest edge...	...			...
Scytodes atlacoya a spitting spider		...	Synanthropic; indoors and out....	...			...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Latrodectus variolus Northern black widow		Females are shiny black, brown-black, with possibly a row of red spots on the top of the abdomen along the midline. Two reddish triangles resembling an hourglass are present on the underside of the ab...	dry forest; large tangle of tough silk, retreat funnels into litter...	...			...
Latrodectus mactans Southern black widow		Females are shiny black, brown-black, with possibly a row of red spots on the top of the abdomen along the midline. Two reddish triangles resembling an hourglass are present on the underside of the ab...	roadside, pasture, woodpile; tangle of tough silk, funnel retreat...	...			...
Chinattus parvulus a jumping spider	inaturalist calls this Little Mountain Jumper, an apt name for a tiny montane species.	...	forest; in leaf litter...	...			...
Theridiosoma gemmosum Ray spider		Typical variety darker black and white....	forest; small orbs on sides of logs, moist trail banks, etc....	...			...
Hibana futilis a ghost spider	This species was originally described as Anyphaena futilis, (Banks, 1878), and has also been known as Anyph. decepta, Aysha minuta and A.decepta. In the past, Anyphaenidae has been considered a subfamily of the Clubionidae, which with they can readily be confused; likewise, they closely resemble the Cheiracanthiidae (also having been split off from Clubionidae).	A quick way to recognize anyphaenids is the placement of the tracheal spiracle, which is located far forward of the spinnerets. In Hibana spp., it's located ca. 2/3 of the distance forward between the...	...	...			...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Gea heptagon an orbweaver	Apparently English heptagon- "seven-sided shape", from Greek heptagonos. This is probably a noun in apposition, which would mean it doesn't have to agree with the genus name in gender.	Resembles a miniature garden spider (Argiope), sits head down in center of web holding its legs together in pairs like a cross pattern. Abdomen variable, generally a dark brown or yellowish-brown, so...	old field, marshes, roadside ditch and agricultural fields....	Visual observation, sweep netting....			...
Neoscona crucifera a spotted orbweaver		...	disturbed forest, often near buildings...	...			...
Argiope aurantia Yellow Garden Spider	The genus name Argiope means "silver-face", while the specific epithet aurantia means "gilded"	Abdomen long oval, with series of yellowish or pale spots on a black abdomen. The cephalothorax is covered with reflective white hairs. The legs have femora that are pale orange at the base and dark...	garden areas, old field, marshes, wetlands, bogs, lake and pond edges, roadside ditches, human habitations....	Visual observation....			...
Mecaphesa sp. 1 a crab spider	Undescribed species	Cephalothorax similar to others in the genus, abdomen pattern light below with well defined light area above speckled with dark reddish coloration and two dark reddish black spots. Diagnostic to this...	...	...			...
Leiobunum formosum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are uniform orange-yellow or red-brown above, with a dark optical tubercle; the central figure is well marked in early season individuals but becoming obscure with age, with only traces of the o...	In Tennessee, formosum is commonly encountered in stands of pine and mixed hardwoods (Townsend et al., 2006)...	...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [SU]	We have only a single relatively old (1976) record for this species. While this species does not appear to be habitat limited, we need much more information on its distribution in the state, its habit...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Leiobunum euserratipalpe	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are golden brown dorsally and ventrally, and are finely granulate on both the carapace and abdomen; rows of light spots may be present on the meso- and metapeltidium, as well as the scutal tergi...	North Carolina records come from both high elevations in the Mountains to relatively low ones in the Piedmont; habitat at these sites appears to be mainly forest. In Maryland, this species appears to ...	This species is diurnally active and can be found by direct search of appropriate habitats...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S5]	We have too few records for this species currently to estimate the conservation status of this species. However, it appears to be associated with common types of habitat and probably will turn out to ...
Calymmaria persica a basket-web weaver	Calymmaria persica can be easily separated from the other species occurring in the Appalachian Mountains, C. virginica, by the form of the epigynum (Figs. 76, 77), and the many differences in the RTA and embolus (Figs. 73–75). Calymmaria persica is a highly variable species, especially in size, which has led to its separation into several species. There appears to be little variation in genitalia among specimens.	Female: Carapace typical. Dorsum of abdomen yellow with pale gray basal lanceolate mark followed by three dark gray transverse chevrons and one spot; venter gray with wide pale yellow lateral longitud...	forest; sagging sheet web under edge of log, root, or rock...	...			...
Phrurolithus unidentified species	Genus needs revision, may be lumped with Phrurotimpus.	...	...	...			...
Phrurolithus singulus	Genus needs revision, may be lumped with Phrurotimpus.	...	...	...			...
Hadrobunus maculosus	Hadrobunus currently comprises four species that occur in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Shultz, 2010, 2012). However, Shultz (2010, 2018) and Burns et al. (2012) note that several undescribed species exist and that Leiobunum formosum will be tranferred to Hadrobunus based on genetic analysis. Only Hadrobunus maculosus and H. fusiformis have so far been documented in North Carolina (L. formosum has one old record from Wake County).	A large, short-legged harvestman. Color varies from reddish brown to darker grayish brown. Shultz (2012) describes the coloration in Maryland populations as changing seasonally: early summer individua...	Shultz (2018) describes the habitat for this species as including "open or broken woodlands and adjacent non-wooded areas, including agricultural fields; less abundant in mature forests."...	"Adults largely nocturnal, found under loose objects on the ground during the day" (Shultz, 2018)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S5]	This species probably occurs across most of the state and appears to be fairly generalized in terms of its habitat use. Although we still have few records for this species, we believe it is secure wit...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Nesticus carolinensis Linville Caverns Spider	N. carolinensis is obviously closely related to N. tennesseensis, from which it may be distinguished by the form of the apophysis of the cymbium of the male and the epigynum of the female. Genus formerly Invesia.	Male. Length 4.5 mm. Cephalothorax short, broadly rounded on the sides, abruptly narrowed anteriorly opposite the eyes; clypeus wider than median ocular area, slanting downward and forward; median are...	Cave...	...		S1 G1?	...
Hesperonemastoma kepharti	One of six species in this genus that occur in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Shear, 2010). Four have been recorded in the East with only kepharti found in North Carolina.	A minute, blackish harvestman. The dorsal, sclerotized tergites are dark brown to nearly black, strongly contrasting with the non-sclerotized white membrane that connects them; this is particularly ev...	Not recorded but probably mesic hardwoods and possibly either cove forests or northern hardwoods. Unlike other members of this genus, this species does not appear to be a cave-obligate....	Collected by sifting dead leaves banked against a decaying log (Crosby and Bishop, 1924)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S1S2]	This species is known in North Carolina only from the specimens collected by Crosby and Bishop in 1923. Several of our minute, litter-dwelling harvestmen in the Mountains appear to be highly dependent...
Steatoda borealis a false widow spider		...	in/on buildings...	...			...
Hahnia cinerea a comb-tailed spider		...	forest; small sheet web in leaf litter...	...			...
Deinopis spinosa Ogrefaced Spider		...	...	...			...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Nelima elegans	One of two species in this genus that occur in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993, as Leiobunum elegans and Nelima paessleri). Only elegans occurs in the East. Shultz (2018) indicated that the genus Nelima may be restricted to Old World species and that our may need to be assigned a new generic name.	A medium-sized, long-legged Harvestman. The dorsal surface is mottled with white, brown and black, with a pair of prominent dark triangular marks extending from the eye tubercle to the rear edge of t...	This species occurs at both high and low elevations in the Mountains. According to Davis (1934), this species occurs in close proximity to streams in wooded areas. At Mount Mitchell, this species was ...	Commonly observed at night on outbuildings at Mt. Mitchell. ...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S4]	More survey information is in North Carolina in order to determine the distribution, abundance, habitat associations, and populations trends of this species....
Odiellus nubivagus	One of three species in this genus that occurs in North America (Cokendolpher and Holmberg, 2018), two of which have been recorded in North Carolina	Both species of Odiellus are easily identified by the trident of spines at the forward margin of the cephalothorax (see Structural Features below). In nubivagus, most of the dorsal surface of the ceph...	Crosby and Bishop (1924) recorded this species as abundant on rocks along the trail to the summit of Mt. Mitchell. Hall and Sullivan (pers. obs., 2019) observed a number of individuals on the sides o...	Crosby and Bishop (1924) report observing them in large number on the surface of rocks...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[G2G3] [S2S3]	This species, along Sabacon mitchelli and Microhexura montivaga were first discovered on an October visit made by Crosby and Bishop in 1923 and subsequently described by those authors. A...
Hypochilus pococki A Lampshade Spider		...	sheltered rock outcrops in forest; lampshade web ...	...		G4G5 S4	...
Hypochilus sheari A Lampshade Spider		...	...	...		G2G3 S2S3	...
Hypochilus coylei A Lampshade Spider		...	...	...		G3? S3?	endemic to southern mountains of North Carolina...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Leiobunum vittatum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are golden-yellow to dark red-brown above. The central figure is distinct and there are often black and light yellow markings along the sides of the abdomen. The palps are light yellow to red-br...	Usually associated with trees or other woody vegetation (Shultz, 2018)...	Shultz (2018) describes vittatum as "the most common and visible of the late-season harvestmen in Maryland; dark, senescent individuals may persist into early winter."...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] S4S5	This species is likely to be found over most of the state and probably not in association with restricted habitat types. It is most likely secure within the state....
Arctosa littoralis Shoreline wolf spider		...	coastal, Goose Creek SP...	...		G5 S4S5	...
Leiobunum uxorium	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	The dorsal surface of the males is golden yellow; the central figure is obsolete or faint. The ventral surface and coxae are cinnamon brown. The palpi are yellow but the legs are dark brown or black; ...	Crosby and Bishop (1924) reported seeing a large number of mating pairs on a sunny bank on the edge of a pine woods....	This is a late season species, persisting into early winter (Shultz, 2018)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S5]	We have only one recent record for this species in the state but it appears to occupy a wide range within the state and does not appear to be habitat-limited. It will therefore probably be determined ...
Leiobunum politum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are golden-yellow to red-brown above, with no central figure on the abdomen; the ventral surface is similar in color but lighter. The palps are also similar in color as are the trochanters and b...	Found along forest edges in Maryland (Shultz, 2018)...	Shultz (2018) describes politum as more commonly found on the forest floor than bracchiolum, which is usually found up on vegetation...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S5]	While this species does not appear to be habitat limited, but we need much more information on its distribution in the state, its habitat preferences, and population trends before we can begin to esti...
Leiobunum ventricosum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	This species is somewhat larger but otherwise similar to Leiobunum flavum. The coloration of the body, palps, and legs is light golden brown; a dark central figure is more prominent in this species th...	In Maryland, L. ventricosum is most common in moist woodlands (Shultz, 2018). ...	Overwinters as juveniles and matures in the spring; probably day-active and best found by direct searches in likely habitats...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S4]	Although we have only three records for this species in our database, there are a number of well-vetted photographs on BugGuide from sites in North Carolina. This species does not seem likely to be li...
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Leiobunum verrucosum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	According to Davis (1934), the dorsal surface is a nearly uniform brown; Shultz (2018) gives the color as red-brown in the males and dark brown in the females. The eye tubercle very dark brown or bla...	In Maryland, Shultz (2018) notes that verrucosum is common in late spring on vegetation near woods (especially brambles), and tends to move into woods later....	Overwinters as juveniles and matures in the spring; probably day-active and best found by direct searches in likely habitats...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S5]	Although we have very few current records from North Carolina to judge its conservation status, it may potentially occur statewide and occupy a wide variety of forested to semi-open habitats. Consequ...
Leiobunum nigropalpi	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are golden-yellow to light red-brown; the saddle on the abdomen is indistinct to nearly absent (Davis, 1934). Trochanters are black and strongly conrast with the reddish-brown coxae. The femurs ...	Widespread in Eastern forests (Shultz, 2018)...	This species is diurnally active and is found on the surface of the ground or up on tree trunks (Shultz, 2018)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S4S5]	Although we do not yet have enough records to be certain, this species will probably turn out to be found in hardwood forests throughout most of the state....
Leiobunum flavum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Dorsum golden to golden-brown, usually with no strong markings; in early spring, individuals may have a long, narrow central figure, but this is usually reduced to a couple of broken traces later on (...	In Maryland, this species reportedly occurs in and near wooded areas (Shultz, 2018). The record from Orange County comes from a semi-wooded residential neighborhood with remnants of the original nativ...	Should be looked for in the spring (April and May)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S4]	This species appears to occur widely across the state, from the Blue Ridge to the eastern Piedmont. Its habitat does not appear to be restricted....
Leiobunum bracchiolum	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	Males are pale yellowish with no distinct markings (McGhee, 1977). Females are similarly pale yellowish but can have a central figure on the abdomen that varies from well-developed to obscure and from...	Found along forest edges in Maryland (Shultz, 2018)...	Shultz (2018) describes bracchiolum as more commonly found up on vegetation than L. politum, which is usually found on the forest floor...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [SU]	We have only a single recent (2007) and confirmed record for this species. While this species does not appear to be habitat limited, we need much more information on its distribution in the state, its...
Leiobunum aldrichi	Approximately 30 species in this genus have been identified as occurring in North America north of Mexico (Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993; Ingianni et al., 2011), with 16 recorded in North Carolina. However, the validity of several of these species is suspect, with several that will probably be determined to be synonyms of other species, e.g., davisi, speciosum, and zimmermani in North Carolina Burns et al., 2012; Shultz, 2018). According to Shultz (2018), moreover, recent phylogenetic studies indicate both that more species are waiting to be described and that the name Leiobunum may eventually be restricted to European species, requiring new generic names for most, if not all, of our species.	A small-bodied Leiobunum. Males are reddish brown (golden-yellow according to Davis, 1934), with or without darker markings; females vary from brown to orange but have a dark central figure on the abd...	Shultz (2018) reports that aldrichi is most common in undisturbed forests and can be absent from seemingly suitable but second growth forests. ...	This species is diurnally active and is found on the surface of the ground or up on tree trunks (Shultz, 2018)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S4]	Not enough is yet known about its distribution, habitat associations, abundance, and population trends in North Carolina to accurately assess the conservation needs of this species....
sciName	taxonomic_comments	id_comments	habitat	observation_methods	state_protection	NHP_ranks	status_comments
Erebomaster acanthinus	One of two species in this genus, both of which occur in the East (Kury, 2003) but with only acanthinus recorded in North Carolina. Placed in the Travnuiidae by Kury (2002), which includes Theromaster but not Bishopella, which is retained within the Phalangodidae.	A minute Armored Harvestman. The body is yellowish to reddish-orange, mottled with reddish brown (Crosby and Bishop, 1924; Briggs, 1969). The tergites are banded with brown posteriorly. Theromaster br...	Most records appear to come from moist leaf litter collected in riparian forests...	Best found by sifting leaf litter or through use of Berlese funnels...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [S3S5]	We currently have few records for this species but that is probably due to the specialized techniques needed to find it. Although it appears to be somewhat specialized in terms of its habitats, they d...
Opilio parietinus	The sole representative of this genus in North America, where it was introduced from Europe (see Cokendolpher and Holmberg, 2018)	A moderately large harvestman. The ground color is gray to brown, with the central figure on the abdomen obscure or absent (Hillyard and Sankey, 1989). A pattern of dark bars spotted with pale tubercl...	Our one record for this species comes from the Spruce-Fir zone at the top of Mt. Mitchell. However, it is associated with a wide variety of disturbed habitats in Europe, including ...	Hillyard and Sankey (1989) report that this species can be found on walls, fences, buildings, and tree trunks. ...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves. This species is introduced and is not in need of any conservation efforts. It seems unlikely to displace any of our native harvestmen, most of which live in mesic forests rather than open or disturbed habitats.	[GNR] [SNA]	Exotic, originating in Asia Minor (Hillyard and Sankey, 1989). This species is found primarily in the northern states, at least in the East (in the West, it has been recorded in Texas and New Mexico -...
Acropsopilio boopis	The only member of this genus that occurs in North America north of Mexico (Shear, 1975a; Cokendolpher and Lee, 1993)	A minute Harvestman with exceptionally large eyes. As in Caddo agilis, the ocular tubercle takes up virtually the entire dorsal area of the cephalothorax. Caddo, however, is much larger and has a dist...	Shear (195a) noted that most records for this species come the vicinity of lakes and streams. No habitat information is given for the North Carolina specimen (the coordinates given on the specimen lab...	Collected by sifting or the use of Berelese funnels (Shear, 1975a)...	Arachnids are not protected under state law, although permits are needed to collect them in State Parks and other public and private nature preserves	[GNR] [SU]	This species was only recently discovered in North Carolina and known from just single specimen collected at a site located ~317 miles south from the next nearest population. Too little is currently k...
Parachelifer superbus	Parachelifer superbus (Hoff, 1964) Widespread nearctic genus, about 8 species in North America.	...	Under bark of living or dead trees...	...			...
Chelifer cancroides House Pseudoscorpion	Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus, 1758)	...	Usually found in association with humans; houses, barns, chicken coops...	...			...